I'm sure I am missing something important out as I am doing this from memory. Things are a little easier being is an online server as other players can give you things which speeds things up however the basics are still the same.
Basic controls;
Mouse - move your aim
Left click - perform an action (punch, dig, mine etc)
Right click - place / use selected item
W,A,S and D - move
Ctrl - Run (though I think run can be activated by pressing W then press and holding it)
Shift - Stealth / crouch
Space - Jump
E - Open inventory
Numbers 1-9 at top of keyboard - select things from your quick inventory (the line of items at the bottom)
Q - Drops one of the current item stack your holding. If you want to drop a whole stack, left click and drag it out of your inventory.
J - Brings up a full screen map.
In your inventory;
Left click - select everything in that stack or if holding items place everything in that stack
Right click - pick up half the stack or if holding items, place 1 of that item
Crafting;
You can craft on the move by pressing E however it is quite limited in what you can make. To craft most things you need a crafting table (I'll get on how to build one in a bit). To craft anything you need to places the right items in the right order - with one of the mods everything is on the right and side and searchable to find out how to build it.
First things first in the game, being survival you need to survive - mobs spawn in dark places on the map or at night. The best way to avoid these at night it to sleep through the night which stops any spawning. On the server every player will need to sleep to skip the night. To sleep you will need to make a bed and to make a bed you will need a crafting table and ideally to have a crafting table you will need to have a house.
So first things first;
1. Build a house - if you want to keep it simple (which I do just to start with) is build a small house (the smallest you want to build internally is 3 x 3 and 2 blocks tall).
2. Build a crafting table - find some wood and cut it down, you will need 1 blocks. Bring up your inventory by pressing E, place the blocks in to your crafting and it should come up with 4 planks. Place the 4 planks in a square and it will give you a crafting table. Select the crafting table and right click to place it.
3. Right click on the crafting table and you wil get more crafting options to build stuff
4. To build a bed you will need 3 planks (crafted from wooden blocks) and 3 wool collected from sheep. Place 3 planks in a horizontal row with 3 wool above them and you have a bed. Select the bed in your inventory and right click to place it.
5. A basic set is complete now build and do whatever you want.
One of the most important tips I can think of is, if you crouch (by holding shift) you wont walk off the edge of blocks which is useful if you want to look over the edge of cliffs or if you want to build out with nothing underneath.
The other most important tip is don't mine the block you're standing on or the one above your head. Not often but this will lead to your death at some point.
Being survival you have health and need to eat. Heathwise long falls will hurt and mobs will hurt you too. Food wise, to eat select an item of food and right click to eat. As a general rule, cooked meat restores more of your food meter than fruit or vegetables. If you need to heal you will automatically do so but only if your food meter is full.